The Effects of Physical Fitness on Depression on Female...

The effects of physical fitness on depression A growing epidemic in America is depression. Physicians are able to prescribe drugs to help with the symptoms of depression, but other therapeutic methods have been studied and show great results in recovery. Therapeutic Physical Fitness has shown to reduce depression and anxiety. Ihas been confirmed through experiments that physical exercise can be as effective as antidepressant drugs and some cases suggest that it better prevents symptom recurrence. According to a study published in the European Journal of Public Health in August 2005, Effects of physical exercise on depression neuron doctrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with†¦show more content†¦Urine samples were collected from all participants at the beginning of the study. After the first eight weeks urine samples were taken again for both groups. Group B participants had decreased levels of two stress hormones – cortisol and epinephrine - in their urine samples taken after participating in group jogging for eight weeks. While Group A urine samples stayed at the same level of stress hormones. Depressive persons tend to have a lower amount of physical activity because of their lack of motivation. Depression is found in a variety of people, but is especially prevalent among adolescents .But these findings would support us to conclude that physical fitness is therapeutic psychologically and physiologically in treating depression. Prescribing an appropriate regiment of exercise is shown in this study to decrease symptoms of depression in adolescent females. This author wonders if the results in this study are effective because of the amount of physical exercise that took place in the lives of the volunteer subjects or if the aspect of jogging in a group simply helped the depressed women. Jogging five times a week with a group of women in the same age range, who all share the same problem, might haveShow MoreRelatedThe Leisure Time Of Adolescents1685 Words   |  7 Pageshave free time it is typically minimal and spent doing sedentary acts like watching TV. What varies the most is the leisure time of adolescents. This is the time when they start to gain a sense of self and begin a journey to find their interests and it is typically what teens will spend time doing. The focus to see how the area they live in, either rural or urban effects their lives and their leisure time. 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Sociological Perspectives And Trends Of Health And Illness

M2 Use different sociological perspectives to discuss patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. D1 Evaluate different sociological explanations for patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. Introduction In this assignment I will be writing about two sociological perspectives and discus there patterns and trends of health and illness to two social groups. The black report was published in 1980, and it included different facts about how health can be improved from all different backgrounds in different social groupings. There is still a co-relation between social class and infant mortality rates, life expectancy and inequalities in the use of medical services. This report looked at the differences between health and illness. Sociologists from this very day still use the black report to look at inequalities of health because it was that significant and powerful. Different researches do believe that there is a link between social class and health. It is a statistical impression and also it has been argued that there isn’t really a pattern in social class, age and peoples employment that has had an impact on people’s health inequalities. Statistical artefact is a connection that shows how different systems have been used and measured. lower class have a much higher morbidity and mortality rates which are compared with the higher class that only work in offices or as a doctors. Researchers haveShow MoreRelatedMerit 2 – Use different sociological perspectives to discuss patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups.1037 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Merit 2 – Use different sociological perspectives to discuss patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. Distinction 1 - Evaluate different sociological explanations for patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. 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This sociological perspective makes people aware of how social context influences thingsRead MorePatterns And Trends Regarding Health And Illness Vary Within Different Social Groupings759 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Patterns and trends regarding health and illness vary within different social groupings. For example, age and social class. Most people at retirement age are healthy and fit making valued contributions to society through paid work, volunteer work and by being a good citizen to society. However there are significant higher levels of illness in people over 75 due to their bodies being unable to function as well as it did as th ey age, therefore they are unlikely to receive as much exercise and freshRead MoreSociological Approaches Of Mental Illness1367 Words   |  6 Pageswith mental illness, where their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors violate own or others expectations (the violation of social norms). 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It has been further modernised in Erving Goffman’s (1963) ‘’Stigma, Notes of the management of spoiled identity’’ but has largely

Macroeconomics †Competition with China and India Free Essays

The phenomenon of rapid economic growth in China and India is often discussed within the frameworks of is possible threat to the global world economy. Recent forums dedicated to financial issues, as well as the major increase of the numbers of papers in the economic press (FT, Business Week etc.) especially since stock markets in China took a major hit end of February, show that â€Å"China has gone from being interesting to being important† (Business Week, March 2007) also for investors and not only for economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics – Competition with China and India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The prospective future seems to be at hand. There is nothing to worry about. However, historical European countries such as Germany and France are not disposed to overoptimistic conclusions – neither historically, nor politically. The general balance of risks and perspectives inclines towards favorable economic situation. However, the situation is not as optimistic as it seems to be. The US Treasury Secretary also considers that the countries should double their efforts. It is necessary to continue the implementation of tax reforms, to favor the development of industries and formation of appropriate labor force market, and to make the heading policy more flexible. These remarks are obviously addressed to China and India. Besides, the U.S. government worries about China’s â€Å"military modernization program, economic dynamism, expanded diplomatic influence across Asia and increased global search for energy resources†. So, what is going on? The answer might be quite simple. Last year the world economic system faced a ‘silent revolution’. For the first time in the history China and India became the subjects of the world economy. Twenty years ago the world had no slightest idea of the Chinese and Indian economies. The China’s share in the worldwide GDP exceeded no 1 per cent. It was actually lost in the categories like ‘mistakes and omissions’. However, in result of rapid economic growth (average 9% per year) China became the sixth largest national economy making the total of about 6% of the world’s GDP. Last year the industrial world could feel the ‘hot breath’ of Chinese economic dragon. According to the absolute majority of analysts, the growth of Chinese domestic and foreign demand became one of the main factors contributing to cost increase for raw materials and semi-manufactured goods all over the world. China and India have strong economy and almost no flexibility. Moreover, it is difficult to define the exact share of China and India in the world economy due to so-called controlled and non-marketable sector. The countries occupy a leading position by such indexes like the most preferable countries for initial investments, the most preferable offshore zones for location of the offshore enterprises and manufactures, and the most preferable zone for IT services attraction and utilization. Compared to other huge markets of the developing countries, the entrepreneurs find China and India more attractive markets both in the short-term and the long-term perspectives, leaving such countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Poland far behind. The countries present two completely different markets. Whereas China is known as the leading manufacturer and the most rapidly growing consumer goods market, India is the largest supplier of IT services and the leader in business processes outsourcing. India’s market is oriented towards the long-term perspective. The investors prefer China because of the market size, access to export opportunities, numerous initiatives countenance by the governments, moderate working expenses, proper infrastructure and favorable macroeconomic climate. The India offers the following: well trained labor force, talented management personnel, the supremacy of the legislative authorities, transparency of business transactions, cultural similarities and favorable business climate. Since 2002, when Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji traveled to India’s political, commercial and tech capitals, China and India started improving ties, not just for trade but for economic cooperation. What are the threats to the global economy?[U1]   China and India became the ‘economic knot’ of the entire Asian region. Therefore, cost reduction of labor force on a global scale is one of the main threats to the global economy. In result, the products, where labor force is one of the main components of expenses will also become cheaper. Another way of putting it is that one shouldn’t think to locate the routine labor intensive manufacture outside the country with hundreds million people satisfied with 1-2 dollars rate per hour. On contrary, the countries assigning a specialization to industry involving high-skill jobs expect to derive benefit from the situation. The additional expenses are also expected by raw material exporters. Last, but not least, expanding ties between India and China would help the latter to benefit from India’s experience in the World Trade Organization to move from mass manufacturing of inexpensive goods to more sophisticated bus inesses. India and China are set to overtake even the strongest market forces in the world.   The rapidly growing manufacturing units and consumer goods markets of China, and the strong IT services and BPO industry of India has seemed to be huge boosts to domestic the economies.   Soon India would lead the IT industry market in the world and China would dominate the manufacturing industry in the World.   Several global giants are actually setting up back-end offices and manufacturing hubs in these two Asian nations. The markets in India are growing at the rate of about 30 % every year, and about 44 % of the global outsourcing business is actually based in India.   India has been able to dominate the global outsourcing business as it has several education institutions producing well-trained professionals.   Besides, they are able to speak English and can effectively communicate with their western counterparts.   On the other hand, China is known for its labor-oriented workforce and infrastructure abilities that would be a suitable plus point for the manufacturing industry.   Earlier, the strong markets of the world were actually ignoring the markets of India and China.   However, considering the rapid growth, these markets cannot henceforth ignore India and China. These two counties still offer huge amount of opportunities, which until now have remained untapped.   Today markets are growing in those areas where a great proportion of the human population exists.   Although, there may be several obstacles in the path of growth and development for the Indian and the Chinese markets, it does seem definite that these two countries would grow further.   There would also be demand in the international market for cost-effective and skilled labor.   Both, India and China have taken a lot risks, and for now at least, these risks are paying huge dividends (Money Week, 2005, ZD Net, 2007, Schaaf, 2005). References: Schaaf, J. (2005), Outsourcing to India: Crouching tiger set to pounce, [Online], Available: site: http://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000192125.pdf, [Accessed: 2007, September 10]. The Money Week (2005), Underground threats to the global economy, [Online], Available: site: http://www.moneyweek.com/file/25075/underground-threats-to-the-global-economy.html, [Accessed: 2007, September 10]. ZD Net (2007), China and India set to lead global innovation, [Online], Available: site: http://news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39287977,00.htm,  [Accessed: 2007, September 10].  [U1] Please do develop this conclusion. How to cite Macroeconomics – Competition with China and India, Essay examples

Systems Proposal - Implementation and Development - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSystems Proposal, Implementation and Development for David. Answer: Introduction Background information Davids used car company is owned by David Steel. It is a dealership company that buys and sells used cars. David has a stock of about 200cars and he buys and sells approximately 10cars/ day. Steele repossesses a car from banks, purchases trade-in cars from new vehicle dealers and obtains cars from auctioneers. Currently, steel employs two sales person and five mechanics to prepare and repair vehicles for resale. The owner and salespersons operate from the office in front of car yard and the mechanics work under the shard behind the yard. David does not accept payments for from cars in trade. Steel uses paper folder record information of purchased cars. He accumulates car information in the folder and maintains an alphabetic cabinet file by car model and make. Every car is assigned a unique identification number with five digits in advertisement and on the lot (Hambrick Cannella, 1989, p. 342). Statement of the problem Steele has been using a manual system to record and store data for the cars he buys and sells. He uses a paper folder and master sheet. He also stores his employees information concerning sales and commission on a separate account and files with a unique sequence number. Davids system has no problems. He sometimes forgets to update prices on car stickers to show repairs made. These errors are frequent and are not easily discovered until the time of selling. He forgets to file Friday folders of car sales and commission payments. In the recent week, Salespeople are not receiving their required commission. David has noticed that some cars have stayed on the display for a long period before being sold. Steel has no time to review the problem and identify those cars for resale. Despite receiving assistance from his daughter, David uses much time on paperwork. This makes him frustrated since information is inaccurate and analyzing and processing paperwork is time consuming thus making busi ness management difficult. This leads to system inefficiency that is time-consuming and increases in the cost of money (Hambrick Cannella, 1989, p. 342). Solution and control A computerized system as technology practice serves as a control and solution to Davids used car. An all-in-one and easy-to-use systems will assist David to manage his business time and inefficiencies. Even though steel does not have formal education and has no computer information, having this system will help him to control stock management, customer information, and employees information. He fears to learn computer but has information about computer system making clerical operation simple. He is aware that once information is stored in the computer, that information can be used to generate various kinds of information useful for analysis and cash flow improvement. Therefore he should implement software that can help track files, schedules, deadlines, and document. This will ensure efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. The ability of computer storing large data saves cost, space and convenient for use (Carnall, 1999, p. 167). Proposed system An off-the-shelf tool is used to address specific needs and is targeted at large markets audience. This software is affordable since their costs of development are distributed to many audiences. Therefore this system needs more generic and complex functions and features to enable it to address all the needs of Davids used car. The system will be implemented if there is enough support from users and management. This will enable the organization to do its operations efficiently and automatically. The system is always maintained, supported and developed by solution vendors (Gattiker, 1990, p. 156). The system needs the following features: Financial cost The owner should consider the initial cost of implementation and maintenance. These costs are usually high and therefore an analysis of the benefits and costs need to be done before buying the new system. For Davids case, the system will be operated and developed by the existing software and hardware infrastructures. So that he cuts down the additional costs (Egan, 2007, p. 187). It is believed that an investment of $2500 within four years will increase sales from $10000 to $ 55000, gross margin from $8000-50000 and profit from $2000 to $15000. Users behavior Users have to be trained on the use of software to allow them to have knowledge of how the system works. The user should have support services from the vendors of the system. The software upgrades and updates should happen frequently in order to help the system work well (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979, p. 134). Disadvantages of the system Low cost-the initial cost of purchase and implementation are high. This is because the system requires maintenance cost, upgrades, license fee and website costs which increases the budget. It is not a good solution to the business since it has a lot of hidden costs.it involves a change of staff behavior and processes through training which may be costly. It may not meet all the needs the company wants and therefore not reliable. The business process has to change to meet the functions of the software. This increases the cost of operation (Wasserman, 2013, p. 345). Implementation Issue We will implement on the shelf software application to test the efficiency of operation. A trial of the system will be done in the first six months and this will provide an opportunity to get feedback for further planning. We plan to have a supplier-customer application and portal online for easy access (Strauss, 2010, p. 123). Our system implemented will focus on attracting new customers and retaining the existing ones. Being Loyal to customers is crucial to help us generate a lot of return as well as earn the reputation and good image. In the process of implementing there are many issues that arise and need attention they include: Technical features The system should have enough capacity and capability to perform tasks. This will help provide reliable, accurate and secure information. The environment with which to implement the system should be well ventilated for the system to work well (Stephen, 2007, p. 234). The system should be flexible to allow users transfer information easily through the network. They should be able to compress large amounts of data and files within a short period of time without causing difficulties This system will have a software that will help the user work with it without having any difficulty e.g. missing data, easy contact and view data (Hess, 2011, p. 567). Security features The network should provide security features for the transactions that take place within the company. The system should have the ability to identify the user by providing communication to the authorized user in relation to the prescribed security features (Fields, 2014, p. 126). It is projected that a new system will see the company increase sales up and by so the profits of the company will go up as well. The system will help reduce the possible errors thus reducing the high costs of paying customers more than once (Ries, 2011, p. 45). These sales are shown in the graph below in Appendix 1. Reference list Bruce , R. Barringer , R., 2012. Entrepreneurship: successfully Launching New Ventures. 1 ed. New Jersey: Wiley. Carnall, C., 1999. Managing change in organizations. London: Prentice Hall. Egan, J., 2007. Marketing Communications. London: Thompson London. Fields, R., 2014. Restaurant Succes by the Numbers. A Money guide to Opening the Next New Hot Sport, 24 07. Gattiker, U. E., 1990. Technology management in organizations. Newbury Park: CA: Sage. Hambrick, D. Cannella, A., 1989. Strategy implementation as substance and selling. Academy of Management Executive. 1 ed. London: Prentice Hall. Hess, E. D., 2011. Growing an Enterpreneurial Business. London: Palgrave. Kotter, J. Schlesinger, L., 1979. Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review, 23 3. Ries, E., 2011. Lean Startup. Sydney: Australia: EMU library. Stephen, J., 2007. Ultimate Startup Directory. London: Sage. Strauss, D., 2010. Planet Entrepreneur. 1 ed. North America: Sage. Wasserman, N., 2013. The Founders of Dilemmas:Anticipating and Avoiding the Pitfalls that can Sink a Startup. 1 ed. Chicago: Princeton University Press.

May 31, 2000 Essays - Irregular Bones, Skeletal System,

May 31, 2000 Comm 101 Topic: New ways to aid in nerve regeneration. General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about news techniques and mechanisms that aid in nerve regeneration. Central Idea Statement: The new techniques for nerve regeneration involving magnetic, electrical, and chemical mechanisms look very promising. INTRODUCTION I. The site is rather common: someone in a wheel chair unable to use their lower body, or worse, unable to function from their neck down because of an accident. You may even know one of these people. They all have one thing in common: spinal nerve injury. To the majority of us, one of the more famous and recent cases involving spinal trauma is that of Christopher Reeve, known to most of us as Superman. Reeve was riding his horse when he fell off, landed on the back of his head and twisted his neck. His spine was damaged near the second cervical vertebrae; that being two vertebrae away from the base of the skull. He states that after his accident he saw a handbook written in 1990 that didn't even mention anyone higher than [the fourth cervical vertebrae] because 70 percent of them didn't live longer than five days. I am very lucky my injury happened at a time when treatment and surgery had improved. Dr. Cotman from UCI, who worked with Reeve says that Reeve remains optimistic that a c ure is only a few million dollars away. II. Prior to the end of the Second World War, if a person survived a severe spinal cord injury, the injury still usually resulted in their early death. This was because of complications that accompanied the injury, such as infections to the kidneys and lungs. Though the development of new antibiotics has greatly improved life expectancy, until recently medical science had not been able to restore nerve function. III. According to researchers at the University of Alabama using data from the regional SCI Centers, there are 7,800 traumatic spinal cord injuries each year in the US. Yet these numbers do not represent accurate figures since 4,860 per year, die before reaching the hospital. Current estimates are that 250,000-400,000 individuals live with spinal cord injury or dysfunction; forty-four percent of these occur in motor vehicle accidents. More than half of these injuries occur to individuals who are single, and more than 80% of these individuals are male. IV. Within the last five years, a great many things have been happening in the area of neurological research. Research and treatment involving spinal and nerve injury has progressed considerably. In this speech I will inform you on the new and promising techniques that are currently undergoing testing for human treatment, in terminology that we will be able to understand. BODY I. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and all branching nerves. There are two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS, consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS involves all the nerves that branch off from the spinal cord to the extremities. A. When the spine is crushed or bent in an extreme accident, the spinal cord inside is severely bruised and compressed, causing localized injury and death to many of the nerve cells and their fibers. Some of injured nerves fibers survive intact, but lose their electrical insulation, or myelin, over the very short distance of the injury zone. Nerve impulses are blocked at this point. 1. The myelin is the part of the nerve that actually transfers the electrical signal that enables your muscles to move when you want them to move. B. Nerves regenerate at the rate of about a cm a month. Keep in mind that not all nerves can regenerate (the spinal cord is a prime example) and if a nerve is too damaged or is severed it cannot come back C. Peripheral nerves will regenerate to a certain extent on their own, but they don't regenerate over very long distances. D. The big problem with treating spinal injuries is the fact that mature nerve tissue does not spontaneously regenerate. II. The three basic ways to treat nerve damage are: first, produce regeneration of the remaining segment of a nerve fiber, or make new connections on the other side of

Free Essays on Goethes Faust

The Redemption of Faust In Faust, Goethe depicts the main character Faust as the embodiment of all things human. Faust is a common man who sets unrealistic goals and is depressed because of his unfufillment in them. The story is simply a fairy tale about this common conflict. It illustrates the path that one may follow at a universal point where we feel we do not know our purpose and feel pinned down by the sadness of the seemingly impossible satisfaction of life. This story can appeal to anyone who reads it, for we are all lacking knowledge that is crucial to our existence. Faust succumbs to his sadness and attempts to obtain this unattainable knowledge by coinciding with Mephisto: the devil. Under Mephisto’s wings Faust deceives many people and commits many heinous sins. However, despite these actions and his pact with the Devil, Faust is saved from the fires of Hell and his deal with Mephisto. One may find it ludicrous that someone who coincided with the Devil is granted the Almighty salv ation. However, Faust is deserving of redemption because of the valor he shows by remaining ambitious and not internalizing Mephisto’s evil, despite the overwhelming temptation of it. Faust is clearly an ambitious man who sets high goals and strives for excellence. Despite his stature as a successful and knowledgeable scholar, Faust suffers from a type of mid-life crisis. He reflects on all of the work he had done and all of the knowledge he had gained, only to say â€Å"And here I am, for all my lore, The wretched fool I was before† (93). Faust feels no pride for his knowledge and criticizes the foolishness he displayed in his studies. He does not even want credit for his father’s well-known works with medicine: â€Å"How little father and son Deserve such fame for their poor art. My father was obscure, if quite genteel, And pondered over nature and every sacred sphere In his own cranky way, though quite sincere, With ardent,... Free Essays on Goethe's Faust Free Essays on Goethe's Faust The Redemption of Faust In Faust, Goethe depicts the main character Faust as the embodiment of all things human. Faust is a common man who sets unrealistic goals and is depressed because of his unfufillment in them. The story is simply a fairy tale about this common conflict. It illustrates the path that one may follow at a universal point where we feel we do not know our purpose and feel pinned down by the sadness of the seemingly impossible satisfaction of life. This story can appeal to anyone who reads it, for we are all lacking knowledge that is crucial to our existence. Faust succumbs to his sadness and attempts to obtain this unattainable knowledge by coinciding with Mephisto: the devil. Under Mephisto’s wings Faust deceives many people and commits many heinous sins. However, despite these actions and his pact with the Devil, Faust is saved from the fires of Hell and his deal with Mephisto. One may find it ludicrous that someone who coincided with the Devil is granted the Almighty salv ation. However, Faust is deserving of redemption because of the valor he shows by remaining ambitious and not internalizing Mephisto’s evil, despite the overwhelming temptation of it. Faust is clearly an ambitious man who sets high goals and strives for excellence. Despite his stature as a successful and knowledgeable scholar, Faust suffers from a type of mid-life crisis. He reflects on all of the work he had done and all of the knowledge he had gained, only to say â€Å"And here I am, for all my lore, The wretched fool I was before† (93). Faust feels no pride for his knowledge and criticizes the foolishness he displayed in his studies. He does not even want credit for his father’s well-known works with medicine: â€Å"How little father and son Deserve such fame for their poor art. My father was obscure, if quite genteel, And pondered over nature and every sacred sphere In his own cranky way, though quite sincere, With ardent,...

Vodafones Sale Of Ownership Of Joint Venture To Verizon Essay

Vodafones Sale Of Ownership Of Joint Venture To Verizon - Essay Example is a United States (US) based company that is headquartered at New York and provides innovative technology and communication solutions, which enhances the way the customers play, work and live. On September 2013, Verizon Communications has agreed to pay Vodafone Group $130 billion in order to buy the US wireless business. This has been the third largest corporate deal in history. This paper focuses on the deal, highlighting on the history of the joint venture, rationale of the two companies behind the deal, reaction in the stock market, tax consequences and plans of Vodafone with this cash generation. Brief History of the Joint venture between Vodafone and Verizon In June 1994, the regional phone company of United States, Bell Atlantic, had formed a partnership in the wireless division with their immediate neighbour, NYNEX, covering almost 55 million customers who were regarded as potential for the organization (Thomson Reuters, 2013). This deal marked the beginning of the organization, Verizon Wireless. In 1996, NYNEX and Bell Atlantic agreed to enter into an outright merger. Then again in the year 1998, GTE and Bell Atlantic agreed to merge together. ... In June 2000, the merger of GTE and Bell Atlantic was closed and Verizon Communication was created. At this time, the wireless operation of GTE was included in Verizon Wireless. In this joint venture, Verizon Communications was the majority owner with a stake of about 55 percent (Thomson Reuters, 2013). In the year 2004, Vodafone lost the bidding for AT&T Wireless, which might have forced to sell the stake of Verizon Wireless. Arun Sarin, the CEO of Vodafone had said that Vodafone would discuss with Verizon regarding the future of their partnership. He insisted that both the companies would have bigger stake in the joint venture. In the year 2012, Verizon Wireless provided its parent with a dividend of $10 billion and $8.5 billion in December and January, respectively. At the beginning of 2013, Verizon was considering the purchase of their stake in Verizon Wireless (Thomson Reuters, 2013). In March, new sources claimed that Verizon was intending to resolve their relationship with Vod afone. In April 2013, Verizon expressed their desire to buy back the 45 percent of Vodafone’s stake in Verizon Wireless and put an end to all speculations regarding the merger of Vodafone and Verizon. On this context, Gerard Kleisterlee, the chairman of Vodafone, had stated that the company will consider the offer seriously, provided it offers more value to the investors. Rationale of Verizon behind Buying and Vodafone behind selling On September 2013, Verizon Communications Inc. had announced their agreement with Vodafone group Plc. for acquiring 45 percent stakes of Vodafone in Verizon Wireless for $ 130 billion, comprising of stock and cash. Verizon expect that after closing the